What role do plasmids serve in genetic engineering?

Plasmids play a crucial role in genetic engineering as vectors for gene transfer. They are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotic cells, capable of replicating independently of chromosomal DNA. In genetic engineering, plasmids can be modified to contain specific genes of interest. These engineered plasmids can then be introduced into host cells, allowing for the transfer and expression of the desired traits or characteristics.

By serving as vectors, plasmids enable scientists to manipulate organisms at the genetic level, which can lead to advancements in various fields, such as agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology. The efficiency and adaptability of plasmids make them invaluable tools for cloning and gene expression studies, which are foundational techniques in molecular biology and genetic engineering.